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Now Read Van Helmonts What Other Evidence Do You Need to Answer That Question How Plants Gain Mass

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Pharmacist, physiologist, and physician from the Spanish Depression Countries

Jan Baptist van Helmont
Jan Baptist van Helmont and his son.jpg

January Baptist van Helmont (left) and his son Franciscus-Mercurius from the Ortus medicinae (1648)
Built-in 12 Jan 1580[a]

Brussels, Spanish Netherlands (present-day Belgium)
Died 30 December 1644(1644-12-30) (aged 64)

Vilvoorde, Castilian Netherlands (present-day Flemish Brabant, Belgium)
Education University of Leuven
Known for Pneumatic chemical science
Scientific career
Fields Chemistry, physiology, medicine
Bookish advisors Martin Delrio[ane]
Influences Paracelsus
Influenced Franciscus Sylvius[two]

Jan Baptist van Helmont (;[3] Dutch: [ˈɦɛlmɔnt]; 12 January 1580 – 30 December 1644) was a pharmacist, physiologist, and physician from Brussels. He worked during the years just after Paracelsus and the rising of iatrochemistry, and is sometimes considered to be "the founder of pneumatic chemical science".[4] Van Helmont is remembered today largely for his ideas on spontaneous generation, his five-year willow tree experiment, and his introduction of the discussion "gas" (from the Greek word anarchy) into the vocabulary of science.

His proper name is also found rendered as Jan-Baptiste van Helmont, Johannes Baptista van Helmont, Johann Baptista von Helmont, Joan Baptista van Helmont, and other minor variants switching between von and van.

Early life and didactics [edit]

Jan Baptist van Helmont was the youngest of five children of Maria (van) Stassaert and Christiaen van Helmont, a public prosecutor and Brussels council fellow member, who had married in the Sint-Goedele church building in 1567.[5] He was educated at Leuven, and after ranging restlessly from one science to some other and finding satisfaction in none, turned to medicine. He interrupted his studies, and for a few years he traveled through Switzerland, Italy, French republic, Germany, and England.

Returning to his ain land, van Helmont obtained a medical degree in 1599.[6] He skillful at Antwerp at the time of the great plague in 1605, after which he wrote a book titled De Peste [7] (On Plague), which was reviewed by Newton in 1667.[8] In 1609 he finally obtained his doctoral caste in medicine. The same year he married Margaret van Ranst, who was of a wealthy noble family. Van Helmont and Margaret lived in Vilvoorde, near Brussels, and had half-dozen or vii children.[5] The inheritance of his married woman enabled him to retire early from his medical practise and occupy himself with chemical experiments until his death on 30 December 1644.

Career as chemistry pioneer [edit]

Posthumous portrait of van Helmont

Monument for Jan Baptist van Helmont in Brussels

Van Helmont is regarded every bit the founder of pneumatic chemistry,[four] as he was the first to sympathise that there are gases distinct in kind from atmospheric air and furthermore invented the word "gas".[9] He perceived that his "gas sylvestre" (carbon dioxide) given off past burning charcoal, was the same as that produced by fermenting must, a gas which sometimes renders the air of caves unbreathable. For Van Helmont, air and water were the two primitive elements. Fire he explicitly denied to be an element, and earth is non one because it can be reduced to water.

On the i hand, Van Helmont was a disciple of the mystic and alchemist, Paracelsus, though he scornfully repudiated the errors of most gimmicky authorities, including Paracelsus. On the other mitt, he engaged in the new learning based on experimentation that was producing men like William Harvey, Galileo Galilei and Francis Bacon. Van Helmont was a conscientious observer of nature; his analysis of data gathered in his experiments suggests that he had a concept of the conservation of mass. He was an early experimenter in seeking to determine how plants gain mass.

The Willow tree experiment [edit]

Helmont'due south experiment on a willow tree has been considered among the earliest quantitative studies on constitute nutrition and growth and as a milestone in the history of biology. The experiment was only published posthumously in Ortus Medicinae (1648) and may have been inspired by Nicholas of Cusa who wrote on the same thought in De staticis experimentis (1450). Helmont grew a willow tree and measured the amount of soil, the weight of the tree and the water he added. After five years the plant had gained about 164 lbs (74 kg). Since the amount of soil was near the aforementioned as it had been when he started his experiment (it lost only 57 grams), he deduced that the tree's weight gain had come up entirely from h2o.[10] [eleven] [12] [13]

Religious and philosophical opinions [edit]

Although a faithful Cosmic, he incurred the suspicion of the Church by his tract De magnetica vulnerum curatione (1621), against Jean Roberti, which was thought to derogate from some of the miracles. His works were collected and edited past his son Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont and published by Lodewijk Elzevir in Amsterdam as Ortus medicinae, vel opera et opuscula omnia ("The Origin of Medicine, or Complete Works") in 1648.[9] [14] Ortus medicinae was based on, simply non restricted to, the material of Dageraad ofte Nieuwe Opkomst der Geneeskunst ("Daybreak, or the New Ascension of Medicine"), which was published in 1644 in Van Helmont'south native Dutch. His son Frans's writings, Cabbalah Denudata (1677) and Opuscula philosophica (1690) are a mixture of theosophy, mysticism and alchemy.

Over and higher up the archeus, he believed that there is the sensitive soul which is the husk or beat of the immortal mind. Earlier the Autumn the archeus obeyed the immortal mind and was straight controlled by it, merely at the Fall men as well received the sensitive soul and with it lost immortality, for when information technology perishes the immortal mind tin no longer remain in the body.

Van Helmont described the archeus as "aura vitalis seminum, vitae directrix" ("The master Workman [Archeus] consists of the conjoyning of the vitall air, as of the affair, with the seminal likeness, which is the more inward spiritual kernel, containing the fruitfulness of the Seed; only the visible Seed is onely the husk of this.").[15]

In addition to the archeus, van Helmont believed in other governing agencies resembling the archeus which were not always conspicuously distinguished from it. From these he invented the term blas (motion), defined as the "vis motus tam alterivi quam localis" ("twofold motion, to wit, locall, and alterative"), that is, natural motility and move that can exist contradistinct or voluntary. Of blas there were several kinds, e.g. blas humanum (blas of humans), blas of stars and blas meteoron (blas of meteors); of meteors he said "constare gas materiâ et blas efficiente" ("Meteors do consist of their matter Gas, and their efficient crusade Blas, as well the Motive, as the altering").[xv]

Van Helmont "had frequent visions throughout his life and laid cracking stress upon them".[16] His choice of a medical profession has been attributed to a conversation with the affections Raphael.,[17] and some of his writings described imagination as a celestial, and possibly magical, force.[18] Though Van Helmont was skeptical of specific mystical theories and practices, he refused to discount magical forces as explanations for sure natural phenomena. This opinion, reflected in a 1621 paper on sympathetic principles,[19] may have contributed to his prosecution and subsequent house arrest.

Observations on digestion [edit]

Van Helmont wrote extensively on the subject of digestion. In Oriatrike or Physick Refined (1662, an English translation of Ortus medicinae), van Helmont considered earlier ideas on the field of study, such equally food existence digested through the body's internal estrus. But if that were so, he asked, how could cold-blooded animals live? His own opinion was that digestion was aided by a chemical reagent, or "ferment", within the body, such as inside the tum. Harré suggests that van Helmont'southward theory was "very nearly to our modern concept of an enzyme".[20]

Van Helmont proposed and described six unlike stages of digestion.[21]

Disputed portrait [edit]

In 2003, the historian Lisa Jardine proposed that a portrait held in the collections of the Natural History Museum, London, traditionally identified every bit John Ray, might represent Robert Hooke.[22] Jardine'due south hypothesis was subsequently disproved by William B. Jensen of the Academy of Cincinnati[23] and by the German researcher Andreas Pechtl of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, who showed that the portrait in fact depicts van Helmont.

Honours [edit]

In 1875, he was honoured by Belgian botanist Alfred Cogniaux (1841–1916), who named a genus of flowering plants from Southward America, Helmontia (from the Cucurbitaceae family unit).[24]

See as well [edit]

  • Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont, his son
  • George Thomson (md) (c. 1619–1676), English physician and notable advocate of Helmontian medicine
  • Timeline of hydrogen technologies
  • Pneumatic chemistry

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Van Helmont's date of birth has been a source of some confusion. According to his ain statement (published in his posthumous Ortus medicinae) he was born in 1577. However, the birth register of St Gudula, Brussels, shows him to have been born on 12 January 1579 Old Style, i.due east. 12 January 1580 past modern dating. See Partington, J. R. (1936). "Joan Baptista Van Helmont". Annals of Science. 1 (4): 359–84 (359). doi:10.1080/00033793600200291.

References [edit]

  1. ^ Walter Pagel, Joan Baptista Van Helmont: Reformer of Scientific discipline and Medicine, Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 10 n. 17.
  2. ^ Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum (DWC) – KNAW: "Franciscus dele Boë"
  3. ^ "Helmont". Random House Webster's Entire Dictionary.
  4. ^ a b Holmyard, Eric John (1931). Makers of Chemistry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 121.
  5. ^ a b Van den Bulck, Due east. (1999) Johannes Baptist Van Helmont Archived 26 May 2008 at the Wayback Car. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
  6. ^ The Galileo Project: Helmont, Johannes Baptista Van. galileo.rice.edu
  7. ^ Johannes Baptistae Van Helmont Opuscula Medica Inaudita: IV. De Peste, Editor Hieronymo Christian Paullo (Frankfurt am Main), Publisher sumptibus Hieronimi Christiani Paulii, typis Matthiæ Andræ, 1707.
  8. ^ Alison Flood, "Isaac Newton proposed curing plague with toad vomit, unseen papers bear witness", in "The Guardian", two June 2020.
  9. ^ a b Roberts, Jacob (Fall 2015), "Tryals and tribulations", Distillations Mag, i (3): 14–fifteen
  10. ^ Hershey, David R. (1991). "Excavation Deeper into Helmont's Famous Willow Tree Experiment". The American Biology Teacher. 53 (viii): 458–460. doi:10.2307/4449369. ISSN 0002-7685. JSTOR 4449369.
  11. ^ Halleux, Robert (1988), Batens, Diderik; Van Bendegem, Jean Paul (eds.), "Theory and Experiment in the Early on Writings of Johan Baptist Van Helmont", Theory and Experiment, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 93–101, doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2875-6_6, ISBN978-94-010-7794-ane , retrieved 22 October 2020
  12. ^ Howe, Herbert M. (1965). "A Root of van Helmont's Tree". Isis. 56 (4): 408–419. doi:10.1086/350042. ISSN 0021-1753. S2CID 144072708.
  13. ^ Krikorian, A. D.; Steward, F. C. (1968). "Water and Solutes in Plant Nutrition: With Special Reference to van Helmont and Nicholas of Cusa". BioScience. 18 (4): 286–292. doi:10.2307/1294218. JSTOR 1294218.
  14. ^ Partington, J. R. (1951). A Short History of Chemistry. London: Macmillan. pp. 44–54.
  15. ^ a b John Baptista Van Helmont; John Chandler (translator) (1662). Oriatrike, or Physick Refined (English translation of Ortus medicinae).
  16. ^ Moon, R. O. (1931). "President's Address: Van Helmont, Pharmacist, Physician, Philosopher and Mystic". Proceedings of the Purple Society of Medicine. 25 (i): 23–28. doi:ten.1177/003591573102500117. PMC2183503. PMID 19988396.
  17. ^ Jensen, Derek (2006). The Science of the Stars in Danzig from Rheticus to Hevelius. p. 131.
  18. ^ Clericuzio, Antonio (1993). "British Journal for the History of Scientific discipline". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 26 (3): 23–28.
  19. ^ Redgrove, H. Stanley (1922). Joannes Baptista van Helmont; alchemist, medico and philosopher. London: William Rider & Son. pp. 46.
  20. ^ Harré, Rom (1983). Keen Scientific Experiments. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 33–35. ISBN978-0-xix-286036-1.
  21. ^ Foster, Michael (1970) [1901]. Lectures on the History of Physiology. New York: Dover Publications. pp. 136–144. ISBN978-0-486-62380-ane.
  22. ^ Jardine, Lisa (19 June 2010). "Mistaken identities". The Guardian.
  23. ^ Jensen, William B. (2004). "A previously unrecognized portrait of Joan Baptist van Helmont (1579–1644)" (PDF). Ambix. 51 (three): 263–268. doi:10.1179/amb.2004.51.three.263. S2CID 170689495.
  24. ^ "Helmontia Cogn. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Scientific discipline". Plants of the World Online . Retrieved 26 May 2021.

Further reading [edit]

  • Steffen Ducheyne, Johannes Baptista Van Helmonts Experimentele Aanpak: Een Poging tot Omschrijving, in: Gewina, Tijdschrift voor de Geschiedenis der Geneeskunde, Natuurwetenschappen, Wiskunde en Techniek, ane, vol. 30, 2007, pp. eleven–25. (Dutch)
  • Ducheyne, Steffen (one Apr 2006). "Joan Baptista Van Helmont and the Question of Experimental Modernism". ResearchGate. pp. 305–332.
  • Young, J.; Ferguson, J. (1906). Bibliotheca Chemica: A Catalogue of the Alchemical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Books in the Drove of the Late James Immature of Kelly and Durris ... Bibliotheca Chemica. J. Maclehose and sons. p. 381.
  • Friedrich Giesecke: Dice Mystik Joh. Baptist von Helmonts, Leitmeritz, 1908 (Dissertation), Digitalisat. (German language)
  • Eugene M. Klaaren, Religious Origins of Mod Science, Eerdmans, 1977, ISBN 0-8028-1683-v.
  • Moore, F. J. (1918). A History of Chemistry, New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Pagel, Walter (2002). Joan Baptista van Helmont: Reformer of Scientific discipline and Medicine, Cambridge University Press.
  • Isely, Duane (2002). One Hundred and One Botanists. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue Academy Press. pp. 53–55. ISBN978-1-55753-283-1. OCLC 947193619. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  • Redgrove, I. M. L. and Redgrove, H. Stanley (2003). Joannes Baptista van Helmont: Alchemist, Physician and Philosopher, Kessinger Publishing.
  • Johann Werfring: Die Einbildungslehre Johann Baptista van Helmonts. In: Johann Werfring: Der Ursprung der Pestilenz. Zur Ätiologie der Pest im loimografischen Diskurs der frühen Neuzeit, Wien: Edition Praesens, 1999, ISBN iii-7069-0002-5, pp. 206–222. (German)
  • The Moldavian prince and scholar, Dimitrie Cantemir, wrote a biography of Helmont, which is at present difficult to locate. It is cited in Debus, Allen G. (2002) The Chemical Philosophy: Paracelsian science and medicine in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Courier Dover Publications, ISBN 0486421759 on pages 311 and 312, as Catemir, Dimitri (Demetrius) (1709); Ioannis Baptistae Van Helmont physices universalis doctrine et christianae fidei congrua et necessaria philosophia. Wallachia. Debus refers to a suggestion of his colleague William H. McNeill for this information and cites Badaru, Dan (1964); Filozofia lui Dilmitrie Cantemir. Editura Academici Republicii Popular Romine, Bucharest pages 394–410 for further information. Debus further remarks that the work of Cantemir contains merely a paraphrase and selection of "Ortus Medicinae", but it fabricated the views of van Helmont available to Eastern Europe.
  • Nature 433, 197 (20 January 2005) doi:10.1038/433197a.
  • Claus Bernet (2005). "Jan Baptist van Helmont". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German language). Vol. 25. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 597–621. ISBN3-88309-332-7.
  • Thomson, Thomas (1830). The History of Chemistry, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley.
  • Ortus Medicinae (Origin of Medicine, 1648)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont

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